"short" is commonly used as anything wrong with a wire. Also, I doubt there was a 220 leg, usually you have two 110v phases to obtain 220v.
We covered this in ATC where personally, I didn't believe something like this could happen but after long discussions, I am convinced. Obviously this is one of the cases where it did happen.
What happens is live electrical current is exposed and in contact with water, the water conducts enough electricity to ground out (to the actual ground, a metal pipe, your bonded outdrive, etc). There is an electric leak. The breaker doesn't trip because this leak is acting like any other appliance and not drawing too much amperage. A GFCI would have tripped, that monitors the electric out(+) and in(-) and if there is a disparity, it trips. Regular breakers do not.
Very sad indeed.